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As a remarkable case, over time, the original Gram-positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus developed resistance towards a series of first-line, second-line, and even third-line antibiotics to evolve into methicillin-resistant S. Antimicrobial resistance is a complex global public health challenge that leads to prolonged illness and increased mortality, increases the costs for the healthcare sector, and has an impact on animal health, which probably has an effect on food production. The expansion of antimicrobial resistance is accelerated by the selective pressure exerted by widespread use and misuse of antimicrobial drugs in both humans and food-producing animals. The treatment of infectious diseases with antimicrobial agents continues to present problems in modern-day medicine with many studies showing significant increase in the incidence of bacterial resistance to several antibiotics. The present study portrays Trifolium baccarinii as a potential natural source of antibacterial, antifungal, and antioxidant agents.
The MeOH extract and 4,7,2 -trihydroxy-4 -methoxyisoflavanol exhibited antibacterial activity through the bacteriolytic effect and reduction of the antioxidant defenses in the bacterial cells. The MeOH, EtOAc, and n-BuOH extracts as well as biochanin A, formononetin, luteolin, luteolin-4 -O- β-D-glucopyranoside, 4,7,2 -trihydroxy-4 -methoxyisoflavanol, and sissotrin from Trifolium baccarinii displayed the highest antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. Biochanin A, formononetin, luteolin, luteolin-4 -O- β-D-glucopyranoside, 4,7,2 -trihydroxy-4 -methoxyisoflavanol, sissotrin, 1-methyl- β-D-glucopyranoside, ononin, D-mannitol, and 3-O- β-D-glucuronopyranosylsoyasapogenol B were isolated from Trifolium baccarinii. The cytotoxic effect on the erythrocytes was determined by a spectrophotometric method. The mechanisms of antibacterial action were determined by lysis, salt tolerance assays, and antioxidant enzyme activities. The antioxidant activity was evaluated using the 2,2 -diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) and 2,2 -azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) assays. The antimicrobial activities were evaluated using the broth microdilution method. The plant extracts were prepared by maceration in organic solvents. and to determine their modes of antibacterial action. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of extracts and compounds from the whole plant Trifolium baccarinii Chiov. The screening of antimicrobial activity of plant extracts and natural products has shown that medicinal plants are made up of a potential source of new anti-infective agents.
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